Guaranteed Livable Basic Income

GLBI Wiki is meant to be a tool to educate on the Canadian Basic Income concept. It is not intended to be used for other Countries or comparing to existing programs like EI.

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Guaranteed Livable Basic Income (GLBI) in Canada refers to the debate and trials with basic income, negative income and related welfare systems in Canada. The debate goes back to the 1930s when the social credit movement had ideas around those lines.

During the decades that followed, GLBI has been supported in various forms by different Political Parties, which have at times been at odds with how to implement such a strategy while not impeding on Provincial jurisdiction.

History

In 1935, the Employment and Social Insurance Act was enacted by the Parliament of Canada, during the final months of the government of R. B. Bennett. The Act was intended to introduce a nationwide employment insurance scheme, and also convince voters that Bennett was willing to intervene aggressively in the economy, as President Roosevelt had done in the United States with the New Deal. However, the Act was not incumbent of any type of Guaranteed Income.

At the same time, William Aberhart, Premier of Alberta, was inspired by Major C. H. Douglas Social Credit theory and tried to implement a basic income for Albertans during the 1930s. However, he was thwarted in his attempts by the Federal Government of the time. 1

In 1936, the Employment and Social Insurance Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada, as unemployment insurance was found to fall under one of the heads of power assigned by Canada's constitution to the provinces. The ruling of the Supreme Court was upheld by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1937. The Employment and Social Insurance Act therefore failed to achieve its policy goal, as Canada was left for a time without unemployment insurance.

This change in position followed the Privy Council's decision in the Aeronautics Reference, which declared:

There may also be cases where the Dominion is entitled to speak for the whole, and this not because of any judicial interpretation of ss. 91 and 92, but by reason of the plain terms of s. 132, where Canada as a whole, having undertaken an obligation, is given the power necessary and proper for performing such an obligation.

The first compulsory national unemployment insurance program was instituted in August 1940 under the King government after a constitutional amendment was agreed to by all of the Canadian provinces, to concede to the federal government legislative power over unemployment insurance. New Brunswick, Alberta and Quebec had held out against the federal government's desire to amend the constitution but ultimately acceded to its request, Alberta being the last to do so. The British North America Act s. 91 was amended by adding in a heading designated Number 2A simply in the words "Unemployment Insurance".

Actual Pilots

There have been 2 pilots in Canada thus far, that have been funded directly from provincial governments in the search for viable data towards a Basic Income in their province. In the late 1970's Manitoba had their pilot, and in the 2010's for Ontario. Both pilots ended with a change of government and no renewal or cancellation.

It is without certainty if Manitoba's Mincome experiment would have continued if it was without a change in government. In Ontario, the cancellation of the Basic Income Pilot was without public consultation or warning, propelling those 4,000 recipients back onto provincial programs that were more than a $700 drop per month in income, nearly equal to the entire funding of Ontario Works as a single recipient at maximum rate. After the cancellation of Basic Income in Ontario, there was no rate increase for the system for nearly 4 years. Currently Ontario is in an election, so it is uncertain if it will be relaunched under Ontario Liberal or NDP governments.

Mike Morrice who is the Ontario Greens Leader, has openly encouraged his support for GLBI as a means to help the vulnerable population like recipients of the Ontario Disability Support Program, while waiting for the Canada Disability Benefit as well.

Manitoba Mincome

Results

No final Mincome report was issued, but a federal grant established the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Manitoba in 1981. The institute developed a machine-readable database of the results of Mincome, leaving the analysis of the experiment to individual academic initiatives.

References

[¹]Mulvale, James P. (2008), Basic Income and the Canadian Welfare State: Exploring the Realms of Possibility. Basic Income Studies, 3(1)
[²]Murse, Tom. "Should There Be a Universal Basic Income in the U.S.?" ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021